I had a lost+found folder in all Unix file systems I used since the 80s. It's where fsck places files that it found during a scan and can't figure out to which directory they belong. Sometimes I found stuff in there.
From what I googled XFS, Btrfs and ZFS don't use lost+found. It's a thing of the old not journaled filesystems and of the ext family.
XFS does use /lost+found, it calls it the "orphanage directory" and xfs_repair reparents children of corrupt directories there.
Based on comments in the kernel source, it seems like the userspace fsck for JFS and F2FS will also sometimes create /lost+found. There might be more that do.
XFS filesystems do not have a "/lost+found" directory in their normal state.
In the very rare occasions when one has to run "xfs_repair", it will create a "/lost+found" directory, if it is required for recovered files.
After the repair and after investigating whether the recovered files contain useful data or not (and after moving the useful files elsewhere), one should normally delete the "/lost+found" directory, because it is no longer needed.
Even with journaling, you might need one. ZeroFS [0] almost had a lost+found directory (even with the WAL enabled), because you might have consistency issues between your in-memory state and what was flushed, and especially in what order.
ZeroFS ended up not needing recovery at all through atomic, strictly ordered commits [1], but it was far from trivial (and not just a matter of requiring a WAL).
Back in the day I accidentally deleted all my stuff because I had it all in a special if this user in suse Linux. When I deleted the user this thing deleted everything.
Fortunately I was using ReiserFS at the time and something about its true data structure made it trivial to undelete.
Reiser_fsck found ALL my stuff, mostly with full dir tree structure in tact and put it all in lost+found
I have a book on my bookshelf, Eric Foxley's Unix for Super-Users. It was published in 1985, and it answers this question on page 52, the first page listed for the entry 'lost+found' in its index.
This is surely not the earliest book mention, is it? (It'll be in earlier man pages, of course.) Google Books does not give me an earlier one, although it does yield another 1985 book.
Fun fact: Foxley cautioned that lost+found must be pre-sized ahead of time, because the fsck of the time did not grow the directory to fit found files.
The occassional "Drive has not been checked in <n> days, forcing check" message on bootup got annoying sometimes, yeah. It could easily take tens of minutes to finish, exactly when I wanted to use the computer!
(At least this is what my memory is telling me. I could be mistaken, but that's what I remember.)
I used to develop SSD firmware and one of things I worked on is making it robust to power failure. The power supplies have lots of capacitance so the voltage drop was slow so we would use a special test board that would disconnect from power and discharge fast to test it.
Same here. And I had some pretty f**ed up file systems.
At one point, I had one where the directory structure was completely broken and had circles in it (broken SSD). To be fair, in that particular case, I did not look for lost+found and just wrote a tool to extract the data manually that I was looking for.
That's what the answers are missing, of course. In some filesystem formats, it's possible either to recover completely from a journal/intent log, or at least to recover everything to the point that recovered files can be placed into the correct directory.
they offer private instances to school too, where moderation is left to school policy, and mine seems to be good enough to use whenever i have frontend questions (i'm 10 year into my career and still use my juniors to answer my frontend questions, i think i won't ever change)
How do questions like this make it to the top? It is an obvious thing if you search for it or ask AI, but people seem to just ignore those in favor of generating new human responses.
Thing is, any time I try to replicate something like that, I basically get a flippant response saying to go look elsewhere.
Not really, as it's only once per file system mount, whereas those Windows and MacOS files are sprinkled in most directories with images and almost every non-network drive directory respectively.
lost+found is still used on OpenBSD, seems it is created when needed. Only /home has that directory on my system. IIRC, it was created when a kernel panic happened a few releases ago. Plus some files were placed in it when fsck executed on /home
From what I googled XFS, Btrfs and ZFS don't use lost+found. It's a thing of the old not journaled filesystems and of the ext family.
Based on comments in the kernel source, it seems like the userspace fsck for JFS and F2FS will also sometimes create /lost+found. There might be more that do.
In the very rare occasions when one has to run "xfs_repair", it will create a "/lost+found" directory, if it is required for recovered files.
After the repair and after investigating whether the recovered files contain useful data or not (and after moving the useful files elsewhere), one should normally delete the "/lost+found" directory, because it is no longer needed.
ZeroFS ended up not needing recovery at all through atomic, strictly ordered commits [1], but it was far from trivial (and not just a matter of requiring a WAL).
[0] https://github.com/Barre/ZeroFS
[1] https://github.com/Barre/ZeroFS/blob/main/zerofs/src/fs/writ...
Fortunately I was using ReiserFS at the time and something about its true data structure made it trivial to undelete.
Reiser_fsck found ALL my stuff, mostly with full dir tree structure in tact and put it all in lost+found
This is surely not the earliest book mention, is it? (It'll be in earlier man pages, of course.) Google Books does not give me an earlier one, although it does yield another 1985 book.
Fun fact: Foxley cautioned that lost+found must be pre-sized ahead of time, because the fsck of the time did not grow the directory to fit found files.
fsck on large hard drives was scary on how long it could take to finish.
(At least this is what my memory is telling me. I could be mistaken, but that's what I remember.)
But I think ext4 will only let things appear there if you change some default flags.
At one point, I had one where the directory structure was completely broken and had circles in it (broken SSD). To be fair, in that particular case, I did not look for lost+found and just wrote a tool to extract the data manually that I was looking for.
In reallife I would rename this to "trash".
Thing is, any time I try to replicate something like that, I basically get a flippant response saying to go look elsewhere.
I also respect human responses over AI ones every day that ends in Y.